在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句,定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词;定语从句一般由关系代词或关系副词来引导,关系词放在先行词与定语从句之间起到连接作用,同时又作从句中的一个成分。
关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1.who,whom,whose,that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:
(1)Ishe the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是想见你的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)
(2)Heis the man whom/that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
2.Whose用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换),例如:
(1)Theyrushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。
(2)Pleasepass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.
请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3.which,that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如:
(1)Aprosperity which/that had never been seen before appears in thecountryside.
农村浮现了前所未 有的繁荣。(which/that在从句中作主语)
(2)Thepackage which/that you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.
你拿的包快散了。(which/that 在从句中作宾语)
关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。
1.when,where,why
关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于"介词+which"结构,因此常常和"介词+which"结构交替使用。
(1)Thereare occasions when (on which) one must yield.
任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
(2)Beijingis the place where (in which) I was born.
北京是我的出生地。
(3)Isthis the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?
这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?
2.that代替关系副词
(1)that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when,where,why和"介词+which"引导的定语从句,在非正式文体中that常被省略(正式文体中不可省略),例如:
(2)Hisfather died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.
他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
(3)Heis unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty yearsago.
他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
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